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For students in Haryana Board Class 12 entering the 2025-26 academic year, understanding the sociology syllabus and learning goals is crucial. This article provides a comprehensive guide, offering a detailed explanation of the upcoming academic year's sociology syllabus. It further outlines the course structure and the distribution of marks across various sections.
HBSE Class 12th Sociology Syllabus 2025-26
| Part | Details |
| A | Indian Society |
| 1 | Chapter 1: Introducing Indian Society • Sociology – What is Sociology • Self-reflexivity • Personal troubles and social issues • Colonialism, Nationalism, Class, and Community |
| Chapter 2: The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society • Demography & Types of Demography - Formal & Social • Theories and concepts in demography - Thomas Robert Malthus' Concept, Theory of demographic transition • Birth rate, Death rate, Natural increase, Fertility rate, Infant mortality, Life Expectancy, Sex Ratio, Age Structure, Dependency Ratio, Demographic Dividend • Size & Growth of Indian Population- 1901 to 2011 • Epidemic & Pandemic diseases - The Global Influenza Pandemic of 1918-19 • Failure of Entitlements - Amartya Sen • Age Structure of the Indian Population • Literacy Rate in India • Rural-Urban Linkages and Divisions • Population Policy in India | |
| Chapter 3 Social Institutions: Continuity and Change • Caste and the Caste System – Definitions & Concepts of Caste, Cast in the Past, Varna System, Difference between Caste and Varna, Caste characteristics • Colonialism and Caste • Caste in the Present - Sanskritisation and Dominant caste (M.N. Srinivas) • Caste and Ayyankali, Jotirao Govindrao Phule, Savitri Bai Phule, Periyar (E.V. Ramasami Naickar) & Sri Narayana Guru Tribal Communities – Classification of Tribal Societies, Permanent & Acquired Traits • Tribe – The Career of a Concept • National Development & Tribal Development. • Tribal Identity Today. • Family – Meaning and Concepts of Family, Nuclear and Extended Family, The Diverse Forms of the Family. • Kinship - Meaning and Concepts of Kinship, Types & Categories of Kinship, Kinship Customs and Practices. | |
| Chapter 4: The Market as a Social Institution • Sociological Perspective on Markets and The Economy • Adam Smith – Market concept • Weekly Tribal Market • Caste Based Market & Trading Networks in Pre-colonial & Colonial India – Jajmani System • Traditional Business Communities – Vaisyas, Parsis, Sindhis, Bohras, Jains & Etc. • Colonialism & the Emergence of Social Markets – Marwari Families • Capitalism, Commoditization & Consumption • Globalization, Liberalization • The Virtual Market • The Pushkar Camel Fair • Marketisation | |
| Chapter 5: Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion • Social Inequality, Social Stratification, Prejudices, discrimination • Social Exclusion – SC/ST/Woman/Divyangjan, Caste and Apartheid – Race in South Africa, Nelson Mandela • Poverty Line – Percentage of Population Living Below The Poverty Line • Untouchability – Begar System/Forced Labor • Systems justifying and perpetuating Inequality – Caste, Tribe, the Other Backward Classes • Other Backward Classes – National Commission for BC, Kaka Kalelkar Commission, Mandal Commission • Adivasi Struggles – Adivasi movements & New States, Slash-and-burn farming, forest Exploitation and Adivasi, displacing adivasis & Rehabilitation • The Struggle for Women’s Equality and Rights - The nineteenth century middle class social reform movements, Anti-Sati CampaignRaja Rammohun Roy, widow remarriage movement- Ranade, Social Reform Movement in Islam- Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Caste Movement - Jyotiba Phule, women’s education - Dayanand Saraswati • Stree Purush Tulana- Tarabai Shinde, Sultana’s Dream - Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain • In 1931, the Karachi Session of the Indian National Congress and the New Reform Movements • The struggles of the Differently Abled - The Public Perception of ‘disability’ all over the world, The disabled in Census 2011. | |
| Chapter 6: The Challenges of Cultural Diversity • Cultural diversity and Community Identity - Feature of Community Identities • Communities, Nations and Nation-States – Meaning and Concepts of State and Nation-States, Difference, ‘assimilationist’ and ‘integrationist’ policies • Cultural Diversity and India as a National State • Regionalism in the Indian context • The Nation state and religion related issues and identities • Minority Rights and Nation Building • Communalism, secularism and the nation state • State and Civil Society | |
| Chapter 7 Suggestions for Project Work • Project /Research Work. • Major Stages of Project Work. • Merits and Demerits of Project work. • Variety of Methods – Survey, Interviews, Observation, Schedule, Questionnaires, Case Study • Data, Types of Data • Possible Themes and Subjects for Small Research Projects - Public Transport, Role of Communication media in Social Life, HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES AND DOMESTIC WORK, The Use of public space, CHANGING ASPIRATIONS OF DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS, THE ‘BIOGRAPHY’ OF A COMMODITY | |
| B | Social Change and Development in India |
| Chapter 1: Structural Change • Structural Change – Meaning and Concept • The Impact of Colonialism on the Structure of Indian Society – English Language impact • Understanding Colonialism – Colonialism, Capitalism, Difference between the empire building of pre-capitalist times and capitalist times, Movement of people from one part to another within India, Western Education System, Western colonialism & Western capitalism • Urbanization & Industrialization – The Colonial Experience • Impact of British industrialization on India - Manchester competition, People moving into agriculture, development of Coastal cities, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai, emergence of new colonial city Kolkata • The Tea Plantations - Tea industry in India and laborers, laborers recruitment in Assam and other areas, Planters' life. • Industrialization in Independent India - Industrialization of the economy as the path towards both growth and social equity, Development of industrial towns (Bokaro, Bhilai, Rourkela and Durgapur etc.) • Urbanization in Independent India - Sociologist M.S.A. Rao, METROPOLITAN CITIES, Growth Rate of Urban Population in India, Smart City, impact of urban influences | |
| Chapter 2: Cultural Change • Culture - Meaning and Type of Culture • Cultural Change Concept • Social Reform Movements in the 19th and Early 20th Century – Sati Pratha, Child marriage, Widow Remarriage and Caste Discrimination, Buddhism, Bhakti and Sufi movements. • Sociologist Satish Saberwal - Three aspects to the modern framework of change in colonial India • Ideas – Ram Mohun Roy and Brahma Samaj, Ranade and Remarriage of Widows, Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan, Kandukiri Viresalingam, Pandita Ramabai, Vidyasagar, Jotiba Phule, Dayanand Sarswati and Arya Samaj, Sri Narayan Guru • M.N. Sriniwas – Sanskritisation and Critique of Sanskritisation, Dominant caste, Modernisation, Secularisation, Westernisation and Impact on Indian Society. | |
| Chapter – 3 Constitution & Social Change • CONSTITUTIONAL NORMS AND SOCIAL JUSTICE - A Fundamental Right, Article 21, Equal pay for Equal work • Panchayati Raj – Meaning and Concept, The three-tier system of Panchayati Raj Institution, The 73rd & 74th Constitutional Amendments, gram-swarajya, local self-government bodies in rural and municipal areas, Powers and responsibility of gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti & Zila Parishad, Nyaya Panchayats, Gram Sabha • Panchayati Raj in Tribal Areas • Van Panchayats – Phad, Durbar Kur, Sociologist Tiplut Nongbr • Political Parties & Pressure groups. | |
| Chapter 4: Change and Development in Rural Society • Rural society – Pongal, Bihu, Baisakhi, Ugadi • Connection between agriculture and culture • Agrarian Structure: Relationship between caste and class, agricultural laborers, Dominant castes: AJGR, begar or free labor, halpati system, • The Impact of Land Reforms : • Colonial India – zamindari system, raiyatwari system, Tax System, • Independent India - Abolition of the zamindari system, tenancy abolition and regulation acts, Land Ceiling Acts, benami transfers • Green Revolution – Positive and negative outcome of the Green Revolution • Transformation in Rural Society after Independence - Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana • Migrant agricultural labour • Globalisation, Liberalisation and Rural Society - Contract farming, globalisation of agriculture, agricultural extension, Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana, Gram Uday se Bharat Uday Abhiyan and National Rural Mission. | |
| Chapter 5: Change and Development in Industrial Society • Images of Industrial Society – Industrialisation, • Industrialisation in India – Early Years of Indian Independence, cotton, jute, coal mines and railways. • Globalisation, Liberalisation and Changes in Indian Industry - Private companies, foreign firms • How People find Jobs - Job in an organization, Self-employment, Stand Up India Scheme and Make in India scheme. • Work Processes: How work is carried out, working conditions, home based work, Strikes and Unions. | |
| Chapter 6: Globalisation and Social Change • Globalisation – Meaning and Concept, impact of globalization • Are Global Interconnections New tothe World and to India - Silk route, Indians travelled overseas for education and work, Migration. • The Different Dimensions of Globalisation - The Economic Policy of Liberalisation - economic reforms, July 1991, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organisation, - The Transnational corporations - Coca Cola, General Motors, Colgate-Palmolive, Kodak, Mitsubishi, and many others. - The electronic economy - Electronic money, stock markets. - The Weightless Economy or Knowledge Economy - Information, Computer software, media and entertainment products and internet-based services. - Globalisation of finance – • Global communication – Telecommunications, telephones (land lines and mobiles), fax machines, digital and cable television, electronic mail and the internet, Digital India • Globalisation and Labour - Fordism, post-Fordism. Employment and globalization – • Globalisation and Political Changes - The European Union (EU), the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), South Asian Regional Conference (SARC), South Asian Federation of Trade Associations (SAFTA), International Governmental Organisations. (IGOs) and International Non-Governmental Organisations (INGOs). • Globalisation and Culture – kupamanduka • Homogenisation Versus glocalisation of culture • Gender and Culture • Culture of consumption • Corporate culture | |
| Chapter 7: Mass Media and Communications • Mass Media – Television, newspapers, films, magazines, radio, advertisements, video game,s and CDs • The beginning of Modern Mass Media - printing press, Johann Gutenberg, imagined community • Mass Media in British rule - Nationalist newspapers like Kesari (Marathi), Mathrubhumi (Malayalam), Amrita Bazar Patrika (English) • Mass Media in Independent India - The watchdog of democracy (Jawaharlal Nehru), fight against oppressive social practices like untouchability, child marriages, and ostracism of widows, • Radio – AIR, FM channels • Television - Hum Log: A Turning Point, The Rescue of Prince, Soap opera, cable TV, DTH and IPTV. Print Media - The Indian Language Newspaper Revolution | |
| Chapter 8: Social Movements • Social movements – Concept, Chartism, The civil rights movement in the United States • Features of a Social movement - sustained collective action, organization, leadership, structure, objectives and ideologies, The repertoire of satyagraha, Gandhi and his Major Social Movements • Social change and social movements. • Sociology and Social Movements - The French Revolution, Emile Durkheim. Durkheim’s writings about the division of labour in society, forms of religious life, Karl Marx, E. P. Thompson's ‘crowd’ and ‘mob’. • Types of Social Movements – (i) Redemptive or Transformatory: Ezhava, Narayana Guru (ii) Reformist- Right to Information campaign (iii) Revolutionary - Bolshevik revolution in Russia • Ecological movement – The Chipko Movement (Ramachandra Guha - Unquiet Woods), Integrated Ganga Conservation Mission (Namami Gange) and Swachch Bharat Abhiyan, Appiko Movement, World Environment Day, Peasant movements - Bardoli Satyagraha, Mopla Vidroh, Champaran Satyagraha, Tebhaga movement (1946-47), and the Telangana movement (1946-51), The guerrilla movement, ‘new farmers’ movement, • Workers' movements – Bombay textile workers’ strike 1981-82, AITUC, Textile Labour Association, INTUC • Caste Based Movements – Dalit Movement. • Backward Class Castes Movements – kaka kalelkar Aayog, Mandal Commission. • Tribal movements - Birsa Munda Movement, Santhals Movement, Jharkhand Movement, Tanabhagat Movement, Chhattisgarh Movement. • Women’s Movements - The Women’s India Association (WIA) (1917), All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) (1926), National Council for Women in India (NCWI) (1925), Shahjehan Begum ‘Ape’ Struggle against dowry |
HBSE Class 12th Sociology Course Structure and Division of Marks
| Serial No. | Chapter | Marks |
| Indian Society | ||
| 1 | Chapter – 1 Introducing Indian Society (Not for Evaluation) | |
| 2 | Chapter 2: The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society | 10 |
| 3 | Chapter 3 Social Institutions: Continuity and Change | 10 |
| 4 | Chapter :4 The Market as a Social Institution | 06 |
| 5 | Chapter :5 Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion | 08 |
| 6 | Chapter 6: The Challenges of Cultural Diversity | 06 |
| 7 | Chapter 7 Suggestions for Project Work: Theory (Not for Evaluation) | |
| Social Change and Development of Indian | ||
| 8 | Chapter 1 Structural Change | 04 |
| 9 | Chapter 2: Cultural Change | 04 |
| 10 | Chapter 3: Constitution and Social Change | 08 |
| 11 | Chapter 4: Change and Development in Rural Society | 04 |
| 12 | Chapter 5: Change and Development in Industrial Society | 04 |
| 13 | Chapter 6: Globalisation and Social Change | 04 |
| 14 | Chapter 7: Mass Media and Communications | 04 |
| 15 | Chapter 8 :Social Movements | 08 |
| Total | 80 | |
| Internal assessment | 20 | |
| Grand Total | 100 |
HBSE Class 12th Sociology Syllabus Download
HBSE Class 12th Syllabus Download PDF
HBSE Class 12th Sociology Question Paper Design
| Competencies | Marks | Percentage |
| Knowledge | 32 | 40% |
| Understanding | 24 | 30% |
| Application | 16 | 20% |
| Skill | 8 | 10% |
| Total | 80 | 100% |
| Type of Question | Marks | Number | Description | Total |
| Objective Questions | 1 | 20 | 12 Multiple Choice questions 3 Answer in one word 3 Fill in the blanks 2 Reason- assertion | 20 |
| Very Short Answer Type Questions | 2 | 09 | Internal choice will be given in any 3 questions | 18 |
| Short Answer Type Questions | 4 | 06 | Internal choice will be given in any 2 questions | 24 |
| Essay Type Question | 6 | 03 | Internal options will be given in two questions and one question is to be answered with the help of paragraph. | 18 |
| Total | 38 | 80 |
HBSE Class 12th Sociology Books
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Indian Society, Board of School Education Haryana © NCERT.
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Social Change and Development in India, Board of School Education Haryana © NCERT.
